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A 19th-century Henry Erben pipe organ, believed to have been played by George Frederick Bristow, still stands in Manhattan’s Chinatown at the Sea and Land Church. Though silent and in need of repair, the instrument reveals a layered history connecting American sacred music, missionary networks in China, and the evolution of immigrant congregations in New York.

Life and Music in the Age of George Frederick Bristow (2026) is a documentary exploring 19th-century American music and New York’s search for cultural identity. Through the life of composer George Frederick Bristow, the film examines opera, symphonic ambition, immigration, and canon formation, situating New York within a broader dialogue across the Americas. Available in feature and classroom editions.

Writing today from Charlottesville, I cannot help but feel the tension of that contrast. In the United States, miscegenation was criminalized until 1967, when Loving v. Virginia struck down anti-miscegenation laws.[3] The fear of racial mixing shaped law, culture, and violence. In Brazil — imperfect, contradictory, deeply unequal Brazil — racial mixture had long been acknowledged as structural, as constitutive.